Ecuadoreans have voted against allowing the return of foreign military bases in the country, frustrating US hopes of expanding its presence in the Eastern Pacific region.
The referendum result is a blow to Ecuador's President Daniel Noboa, who had campaigned to change the constitution in order to reverse a ban that the country's legislature passed in 2008.
He said it would help fight organised crime and reduce the soaring violence the country has seen in recent years, during which it has become one of the world's biggest drug-trafficking hotspots.
While Ecuador does not produce cocaine, its huge ports and proximity to Colombia and Peru - where large quantities of the drug are made - make it a desirable and lucrative location for drug-trafficking gangs.
According to Noboa, about 70% of the world's cocaine passes through Ecuador.
His presidency has been defined by a tough military crackdown on criminal gangs, including by putting armed soldiers on the streets. Supporters say his approach has helped to fight crime, but critics say his government has resorted to authoritarian tactics.
Additionally, the referendum saw voters reject other significant reforms proposed by Noboa, including public funding for political parties, the size of Congress, and establishing a constitutional assembly.
Noboa reacted by saying he would respect the outcome of the vote.
On the day of the referendum, significant news emerged with the capture of the leader of one of Ecuador's largest drug-trafficking gangs, highlighting ongoing challenges in the country's fight against organized crime.
