Bangladesh's longest-serving prime minister Sheikh Hasina Wazed began her political career as a pro-democracy icon, but fled mass protests against her rule in August 2024 after 15 years in power.
Since then, Hasina has been in self-imposed exile in India, where she fled after being deposed by the student-led uprising which spiraled into nationwide unrest.
On 17 November, a special tribunal in Dhaka sentenced her to death after convicting her of crimes against humanity. It was found Hasina had ordered a deadly crackdown on protesters between 15 July and 5 August 2024. She denied all charges against her.
Up to 1,400 people were killed during the weeks of protests leading up to her ousting, most by gunfire from security forces, UN human rights investigators said. Their report found that she and her government had tried to cling to power using systematic, deadly violence against protesters.
It was the worst bloodshed the country had seen since independence in 1971.
The protests brought an unexpected end to the reign of Hasina, who had ruled Bangladesh for more than 20 years.
She and her Awami League party were credited with overseeing the South Asian country's economic progress. But in recent years, she was accused of turning autocratic and clamping down on any opposition to her rule.
Politically motivated arrests, disappearances, extra-judicial killings, and other abuses all rose under her rule.
An order to 'use lethal weapons'
In January 2024, Hasina won an unprecedented fourth term as prime minister in an election widely decried by critics as being a sham and boycotted by the main opposition.
Protests began later that year with a demand to abolish quotas in civil service jobs. By summer they had morphed into a wider anti-government movement as she used the police to violently crack down on protesters.
Amid increasing calls for her to resign, Hasina remained defiant and condemned the agitators as “terrorists.” She threw hundreds of people into jail and brought criminal charges against hundreds more.
A leaked audio clip suggested she had ordered security forces to use lethal weapons against protesters. She denies ever issuing an order to fire on unarmed civilians.
Some of the bloodiest scenes occurred on 5 August, the day Hasina fled by helicopter before crowds stormed her residence in Dhaka. Police killed at least 52 people that day in a busy neighborhood, making it one of the worst cases of police violence in the country's history.
Hasina, who has been tried in absentia, called the tribunal a farce.
She called for the ban on her party to be lifted before elections due in February.
Hasina is also charged with crimes against humanity relating to forced disappearances during the Awami League's rule in another case at the same tribunal in Bangladesh. Hasina and the Awami League deny all the charges.
Hasina and other senior members of her former government are also facing trial for corruption in a separate court - charges they deny.
How did Sheikh Hasina come to power?
Born to a Muslim family in East Bengal in 1947, Hasina had politics in her blood.
Her father was the nationalist leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Bangladesh's Father of the Nation who led the country's independence from Pakistan in 1971 and became its first president.
At that time, Hasina had already established a reputation as a student leader at Dhaka University.
Her father was assassinated with most of his family members in a military coup in 1975. Only Hasina and her younger sister survived as they were traveling abroad at the time.
After living in exile in India, Hasina returned to Bangladesh in 1981 and became the leader of the Awami League, the political party her father belonged to.
She joined hands with other political parties to hold pro-democracy street protests during the military rule of General Hussain Muhammed Ershad. Propelled by the popular uprising, Hasina quickly became a national icon.
Achievements and controversies
Once one of the world's poorest nations, Bangladesh achieved credible economic success under her leadership from 2009.
Its per capita income tripled in the last decade and the World Bank estimates that more than 25 million people have been lifted out of poverty in the last 20 years.
Much of this growth has been fueled by the garment industry, which accounts for the vast majority of total exports from Bangladesh and has expanded rapidly in recent decades, supplying markets in Europe, North America and Asia.
Using the country's own funds, loans, and development assistance, Hasina's government also undertook huge infrastructure projects, including the flagship $2.9bn Padma bridge across the Ganges.
But Hasina has long been accused of enacting repressive authoritarian measures against her political opponents, detractors and the media - a remarkable turnaround for a leader who once fought for multi-party democracy.
Rights groups estimate there have been at least 700 cases of enforced disappearances, with hundreds more subject to extra-judicial killings, since Hasina took power again in 2009. Hasina denies involvement in these.
Bangladesh's security forces have also been accused of serious abuses. In 2021, the US sanctioned its Rapid Action Battalion - a notorious police unit accused of carrying out numerous extra-judicial killings - citing human rights violations.
Human rights activists and journalists also faced increasing attacks including arrests, surveillance, and harassment.
Hasina's government was also accused of judicially harassing targets with court cases, including Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus - who became head of the interim government after Hasina fled. He had been jailed earlier in 2024 and faced more than 100 charges, in cases his supporters say were politically motivated.
Hasina's government flatly denied claims of such abuses, while also restricting visits when it was in power by foreign journalists seeking to investigate the allegations.
The protests against civil service quotas, which sparked last year's uprising, came as Bangladesh struggled with the escalating costs of living in the wake of the pandemic. Inflation skyrocketed, the country's foreign exchange reserves dropped precipitously, and its foreign debt doubled since 2016.
Critics blamed this on mismanagement by Hasina's government, claiming that Bangladesh's economic progress only helped those close to her.
